Health A-Z

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Overview

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder that occurs when acidic stomach juices, or food and fluids back up from the stomach into the esophagus¹.
The prevalence of GERD in Asia is low, ranging from 2.5% to 7.1% for weekly reflux, 3.8% to 4.6% for twice weekly reflux, and 2.1% for daily reflux, but it might be due to low awareness of the disorder².
The prevalence of symptom-based GERD in Southeast Asia has been rising3 and was estimated to be 6.3%–18.3% from 2005–2010⁴.
Left untreated, GERD can result in an esophageal mucosal injury known as reflux esophagitis where persistent backflow of acidic digestive juices will damage the lining of the oesophagus over time⁵.

Symptoms and Signs

Signs and Symptoms

Causes and risk factors

Obesity⁸
Hiatal hernia, a condition where the upper part of the stomach moves up into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm, which lowers the pressure in the oesophageal sphincter⁸
Stress⁹
Certain foods and beverages, such as spicy or fatty foods, chocolate, peppermint, coffee, or alcoholic beverages¹⁰
Smoking¹¹
Use of certain medications, including calcium channel blockers, painkillers, sedatives, and antidepressants¹²

Causes and risk factors

Obesity⁸
Hiatal hernia, a condition where the upper part of the stomach moves up into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm, which lowers the pressure in the oesophageal sphincter⁸
Stress⁹
Certain foods and beverages, such as spicy or fatty foods, chocolate, peppermint, coffee, or alcoholic beverages¹⁰
Smoking¹¹
Use of certain medications, including calcium channel blockers, painkillers, sedatives, and antidepressants¹²

Supplement recommendations

Fermented soy peptide

Beneﬁts

Symptoms of GERD

It has been shown that fermented soy improved some indicators of heartburn-related quality of life and may have potential benefits for reducing heartburn frequency over time¹³.

Studies on gastritis patients have shown that taking a patented food supplement based on non-GMO fermented soy, Gastro-AD® 30 minutes before a meal for 30 days helps in rapid and long-lasting relief within 15 minutes or less1¹⁴,¹⁵. Gastro-AD® not only consisted of fermented soy peptides but also a significant proportion of heat-inactivated Rosell-187 (R0187) strain of lactic acid bacteria. It is shown that R0187 may have a suppressive effect on interleukin⁸, the inflammatory cytokine, in intestinal cells¹⁶. This may help with modulating the inflammation response in the mucosal microenvironment and preventing stomach ulcers.

Recommended dosage

Soy protein is most used in daily doses of up to 40-60 grams for 4 months up to 6 months. Gastro-AD® has been tested in several clinical studies, on approximately 600 subjects. It was shown to be tolerable for Gastro-AD® up to 15g per day for 30 days¹⁴. Results show that it provides quick relief from ulcer symptoms including heartburn, pain, vomiting and constipation.

Symptoms of GERD

2g to 5g of Gastro-AD®, 3 times daily, 30 minutes before meals for 30 days14,15.

Licorice root extract

Mechanism of action

It exerts anti-H. pylori activity by inhibiting protein synthesis, DNA Gyrase, and dihydrofolate reductase¹⁷. It also interrupts the inflammatory cascade¹⁸ and possesses antioxidant properties¹⁹.

Beneﬁts

Indigestion

Among various gastrointestinal disorders, functional dyspepsia also known as indigestion is one of the most common clinical conditions among the general population. The general symptoms include upper abdominal fullness, epigastric pain, belching, bloating, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, heartburn, and loss of appetite. Oral licorice might improve symptoms of dyspepsia when used in combination with other ingredients.

Meanwhile, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that deglycyrrhizinated licorice, DGL (GutGard®) helps relieve occasional indigestion²⁰. In the study, the subjects received a specified dose of GutGard® for 15 and 30 days, and the severity of the complaint and quality of life significantly improved compared to the placebo group.

Recommended dosage

Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for magnesium¹⁷

Konjac

Mechanism of action

Like other forms of dietary fiber, konjac glucomannan is considered a “bulk-forming laxative.” Glucomannan promotes a larger, bulkier stool that passes through the colon more easily, requiring less pressure and subsequently less straining to expel¹⁸.

Benefits

Constipation

Studies shown that glucomannan may provide relief in constipation through the improvement of probiotic bacteria counts in faeces (colonicecology) after daily supplementation of 1.5g of konjac glucomannan for 21 days. Bowel movement function was increased by 30%¹⁹. The mean defecation frequency and dry faecal mass increased due to the presence of plant and soluble materials from supplementation of konjac glucomannan²⁰.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Daily consumption of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates was shown to enhance capacity to bind pathogens and prevent this from binding the gut’s lining, stimulating topical healing, regulating immunity and ability to form systemic immune responses among healthy people with IBD and associated gut conditions. It is function as soluble dietary fibre as well as prebiotic²¹.

Recommended dosage²²

Konjac is normally added to foods as a thickening agent and dietary fiber source. Typical doses used as treatment by adults is ranging from 3g to 4g daily for up to 3 months.

Supplement recommendations 1

Fermented soy peptide

Beneﬁts

Symptoms of GERD

It has been shown that fermented soy improved some indicators of heartburn-related quality of life and may have potential benefits for reducing heartburn frequency over time¹³.

Recommended dosage

Soy protein is most used in daily doses of up to 40-60 grams for 4 months up to 6 months. Gastro-AD® has been tested in several clinical studies, on approximately 600 subjects. It was shown to be tolerable for Gastro-AD® up to 15g per day for 30 days¹⁴. Results show that it provides quick relief from ulcer symptoms including heartburn, pain, vomiting and constipation.

Symptoms of GERD

2g to 5g of Gastro-AD®, 3 times daily, 30 minutes before meals for 30 days14,15.

Supplement recommendations 2

Fermented soy peptide

Beneﬁts

Symptoms of GERD

It has been shown that fermented soy improved some indicators of heartburn-related quality of life and may have potential benefits for reducing heartburn frequency over time¹³.

Recommended dosage

Soy protein is most used in daily doses of up to 40-60 grams for 4 months up to 6 months. Gastro-AD® has been tested in several clinical studies, on approximately 600 subjects. It was shown to be tolerable for Gastro-AD® up to 15g per day for 30 days¹⁴. Results show that it provides quick relief from ulcer symptoms including heartburn, pain, vomiting and constipation.

Symptoms of GERD

2g to 5g of Gastro-AD®, 3 times daily, 30 minutes before meals for 30 days14,15.

Supplement recommendations

Licorice root extract

Mechanism of action

Beneﬁts

Indigestion

Recommended dosage

Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for magnesium¹⁷

Supplement recommendations

Konjac

Mechanism of action

Benefits

Constipation

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Recommended dosage²²

Konjac is normally added to foods as a thickening agent and dietary fiber source. Typical doses used as treatment by adults is ranging from 3g to 4g daily for up to 3 months.

Diet & lifestyle recommendations

Maintain a healthy weight
Have meals at least 2 to 3 hours before lying down³¹
Eat smaller portion for each mealtime, avoid overeating³¹
Avoid food and beverages that may trigger heartburn, such as fatty meals, citrus fruits and carbonated drinks³¹
Sleep on the left side³²

References :

Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms, diagnosis & treatment. (n.d.). AAAAI | American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. https://www.aaaai.org/Conditions-Treatments/Related Conditions/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease fbclid=IwAR0SGKD5UeDfGEg34XuIK6rTQY4PoJqjBaeemjg9ikn2o2U9_2Eq0vT8h3s
Wu, J. C. (2008). Gastroesophageal reflux disease: An Asian perspective. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 23(12), 1785-1793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05684.x
Goh, K. (2011). Gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia: A historical perspective and present challenges. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 26, 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06534.x
Jung, H. (2011). Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia: A systematic review. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 17(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2011.17.1.14
Castell, D. O., & Singh, E. R. (2013). Dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Practical Manual of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118444788.ch14
Batista, A. O., Nascimento, W. V., Cassiani, R. A., Silva, A. C., Alves, L. M., Alves, D. C., & Dantas, R. O. (2020). Prevalence of non-obstructive dysphagia in patients with heartburn and regurgitation. Clinics, 75, e1556. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e1556
Upper digestive tract conditions, symptoms and treatment | Gleneagles hospital Singapore. (n.d.). Private Hospital and Medical Center in Singapore | Gleneagles Hospital. https://www.gleneagles.com.sg/facilities-services/centre-excellence/digestive-gut-health/upper-digestive-disorders?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIrZ-ixf2f-AIVyXwrCh3fWg1GEAAYASAAEgJPAfD_BwE
MacFarlane, B. (2018). Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults: A pharmacist’s perspective. Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice, 7, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.2147/iprp.s142932
Song, E. M., Jung, H., & Jung, J. M. (2012). The association between reflux Esophagitis and psychosocial stress. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 58(2), 471-477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-012-2377-z
Miller, K. (2008, July 14). Common heartburn triggers. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/triggers
Ness-Jensen, E., & Lagergren, J. (2017). Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 31(5), 501-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.004
GERD: Can certain medications make it worse? (2020, January 22). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/expert-answers/heartburn-gerd/faq-20058535
Fatani, A., Vaher, K., Rivero-Mendoza, D., Alabasi, K., & Dahl, W. J. (2020). Fermented soy supplementation improves indicators of quality of life: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in adults experiencing heartburn. BMC research notes, 13(1), 364. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05205-z
Bogdanov, I. (1979). Gastropharm–a preparation for treatment of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Khranitelna promishlenost.
Hirata, Y. & Uchida, A. (2003) Clinical effects of GASTRO AD for gastritis patients. Japanese Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, 49(4), 597-601.
Wallace, T. D., Bradley, S., Buckley, N. D., & Green-Johnson, J. M. (2003). Interactions of lactic acid bacteria with human intestinal epithelial cells: effects on cytokine production. Journal of food protection, 66(3), 466–472. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.3.466
Dey, S., Deepak, M., Setty, M., D’Souza, P., Agarwal, A., & Sangli, G. K. (2009). Bioactive caffeic acid esters fromGlycyrrhiza glabra. Natural Product Research, 23(18), 1657-1663. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410802134348
Chandrasekaran, C., Deepak, H., Thiyagarajan, P., Kathiresan, S., Sangli, G. K., Deepak, M., & Agarwal, A. (2011). Dual inhibitory effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GutGard™) on COX and LOX products. Phytomedicine, 18(4), 278-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.001
Thiyagarajan, P., Chandrasekaran, C. V., Deepak, H. B., & Agarwal, A. (2011). Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory mediators by an extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its phytoconstituents. Inflammopharmacology, 19(4), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-011-0080-x
Raveendra, K. R., Jayachandra, Srinivasa, V., Sushma, K. R., Allan, J. J., Goudar, K. S., Shivaprasad, H. N., Venkateshwarlu, K., Geetharani, P., Sushma, G., & Agarwal, A. (2012). An Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GutGard) Alleviates Symptoms of Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2012, 216970. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/216970
Schulz, C., Koch, N., Schütte, K., Pieper, D. H., & Malfertheiner, P. (2015). H. pylori and its modulation of gastrointestinal microbiota. Journal of digestive diseases, 16(3), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12233
Puram, S., Suh, H. C., Kim, S. U., Bethapudi, B., Joseph, J. A., Agarwal, A., & Kudiganti, V. (2013). Effect of GutGard in the Management of Helicobacter pylori: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2013, 263805. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/263805
Schulz, C., Koch, N., Schütte, K., Pieper, D. H., & Malfertheiner, P. (2015). H. pylori and its modulation of gastrointestinal microbiota. Journal of digestive diseases, 16(3), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12233
Puram, S., Suh, H. C., Kim, S. U., Bethapudi, B., Joseph, J. A., Agarwal, A., & Kudiganti, V. (2013). Effect of GutGard in the Management of Helicobacter pylori: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2013, 263805. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/263805
Weinland, S. R., & Drossman, D. A. (2013). Psychological factors and treatments in irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 183-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118444689.ch10
26. Yan, F., & Polk, D. B. (2011). Probiotics and immune health. Current opinion in gastroenterology, 27(6), 496–501. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834baa4d
Markowiak-Kopeć, P., & Śliżewska, K. (2020). The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients, 12(4), 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041107
Didari, T., Mozaffari, S., Nikfar, S. & Abdollahi, M. (2015). Effectiveness of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: Updated systematic review with meta-analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterol, 21(10): 3072-3084. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i10.3072
Vale, F. F., Vítor, J. M., & Oleastro, M. (2016). Probiotics as an alternative therapy for Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases. Helicobacter pylori Research, 543-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55936-8_24
Braun L, Cohen M. Herbs and Natural supplements. Ebook 4th edition. Chatswood: Elsevier 2015 pp.771-796.
Katz, P. O., Dunbar, K. B., Schnoll-Sussman, F. H., Greer, K. B., Yadlapati, R., & Spechler, S. J. (2021). ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 117(1), 27-56. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538
Person, E., Rife, C., Freeman, J., Clark, A., & Castell, D. O. (2015). A Novel Sleep Positioning Device Reduces Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 49(8), 655–659.

The material is prepared for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a piece of personal medical advice. Owing to each person’s varying health needs, a physician should be consulted before acting on any information provided in this material. Although every effort is made to ensure that this material is accurate, it is compiled for internal use only and should not be considered definitive. Neither VitaHealth nor its employees, or information providers shall be responsible or liable for any errors, inaccuracies, or other defects in the information contained in this publication.

Brain Fog

Brain fog is used to describe ‘a usually temporary state of diminished mental capacity marked by inability to concentrate or to think or reason clearly.
Brain fog is not a formal diagnosis or medical condition but a series of neuropsychologic symptoms related to mild cognitive impairment which may affect daily function.
Although there are no statistics on the prevalence of brain fog specifically, it was estimated that around 600 million people worldwide suffer from cognitive dysfunction.
It has been reported that brain fog is one of the most common long COVID symptoms among survivors.³

Constipation

Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, with prevalence in the general population of approximately 20%. It is more prevalent in females and the elderly¹.
Constipation is both a symptom and, when chronic, a multisymptomatic disorder, and it can overlap with other gastrointestinal tract disorders such as dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease².
Constipation most commonly refers to infrequent bowel movements. It is defined as having a bowel movement less than 3 times per week³.
Chronic constipation is difficult and/or rare passage of stools that lasts for several months that can interfere people’s ability to go about their daily activities. It may also cause people to strain excessively to have bowel movement⁴.